A perfect couple: chromium keeps ruthenium grounded in water electrolysis
ICFO researchers and collaborators have found that chromium protects ruthenium from excessive oxidation, forming the perfect couple for stabilizing catalysts during water electrolysis. These results, published in Nature Materials, pave the way toward more durable catalysts for green hydrogen production.
They say opposites attract, and many couples do fit this pattern. One is pragmatic and down-to-earth, while the other is a dreamer with their head in the clouds. Yet, these differences make them perfect for each other.
According to researchers at ICFO, chemical interactions between atoms are not that different. Ruthenium, for instance, belongs to the “dreamer” class. It is commonly used in single-atom catalysts that speed up water electrolysis, which splits water to obtain green hydrogen. However, on its own, ruthenium tends to over-oxidize and dissolve during operation, like an idealist who takes flight without looking back.
In an article published in Nature Materials, ICFO researchers, Tengyu Chen, Dr. Kaiwen Wang, Dr. Lu Xia, Dr. Wulyu Jiang, Dr. Linlin Yang, Dr. Kaiqi Zhao, Ranit Ram, Dr. Junmei Chen, Dr. Marinos Dimitropoulos, Dr. Viktoria Golovanova, Prathama Haldar, Dr. Barbara Polesso, Dr. Aparna M. Das, Dr. Sunil Kadam, led by Prof. at ICFO F. Pelayo García de Arquer, and in close collaboration with the University of Bayreuth, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, the Institut de Recerca en Energia de Catalunya (IREC), the Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Chongqing University, and the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), now present the perfect partner to keep ruthenium grounded: chromium.
“Many people know that chromium helps stainless steel resist corrosion,” says Tengyu Chen, first co-author of the article. “So we wondered whether it could also be a great partner for restless ruthenium, and began to explore its protective role at the atomic scale.”
To do so, the researchers designed a synthesis method that brought ruthenium and chromium atoms into close proximity within an oxide scaffold, and then took a step back to watch how the two got along.
Using advanced electron microscopy and synchrotron spectroscopy, they observed that neighbouring ruthenium and chromium atoms interacted through oxygen bridges, and that chromium buffered ruthenium’s excessive oxidation while preserving its catalytic activity. In effect, the atoms stopped behaving individually and instead formed local units that responded cooperatively during catalysis.
“It was like seeing Cupid’s arrow in front of us, striking two different atomic elements,” says Kaiwen Wang, first co-author of the article. “And these coupled atomic units work in tandem to control how the catalyst evolves during operation, improving its durability. It was meant to be!,” adds Lu Xia, also first co-author of the article.
The next question is how to make these atoms not only fall in love, but also stay together for good. Observing how these couples form at higher resolution and gaining finer control over this process will help the researchers generalize the underlying principle and translate it into practical technology, a goal the team now plans to pursue.
“More efficient and durable catalysts could make renewable hydrogen production less dependent on scarce precious metals and more affordable,” explains Prof. Pelayo García de Arquer, lead researcher of the study. “Strategies like this one, which keep highly active catalysts stable, support the long-term goal of producing clean hydrogen for use as a fuel.”
Reference:
T. Chen, K. Wang, L. Xia, et. al., Proximal redox coupling enables oxidation damping for stable water electrolysis, Nat. Mat. (2026).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-026-02783-4
Acknowledgements:
ICFO thanks CEX2024-001490-S, PID2022-138127NA-I00 and RED2024-154266-T [MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033], PR-H2CVAL4-C1-2022-0069 (IDAE/MITERD, NextGenerationEU); Fundacio Cellex, Fundacio Mir-Puig, Generalitat de Catalunya through CERCA; and the European Union (NASCENT, 101077243). L.X. is grateful to the MSCA programme (VITAL, 101150688). This work is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the funding codes Live XAS (grant 05K22WC1) and HighHy (grant 03SF0689B). ICN2 is supported by the Severo Ochoa programme from Spanish MCIN/AEI (grant no. CEX2021-001214-S) and is funded by the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. ICN2 acknowledges funding from Generalitat de Catalunya 2021SGR00457. ICN2 acknowledges funding from Grant IU16-014206 (METCAM-FIB) funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), with the support of the Ministry of Research and Universities, Generalitat de Catalunya. The authors acknowledge support from the project AMaDE (PID2023-149158OB-C43), funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and by ‘ERDF A way of making Europe’ by the European Union. L.G.V. acknowledges the funding granted by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP (grant numbers #2024/06899-0 and #2023/06233-9).