Since the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional (2D) materials have garnered significant attention from the condensed matter physics community owing to their potential to engineer new physical, optical, and mechanical properties. The 2D material class now includes insulators (hexagonal boron nitride, hBN), semiconductors (transition metal dichalcogenides, TMDs), superconductors (NbSe2), topological insulators (Bi2Te3), and ferromagnets (CrI3). Beyond their inherent properties, layered materials allow for new characteristics through vertical stacking. Recent developments have led to the discovery of moiré materials, in which electronic properties are significantly altered by twisting adjacent 2D layers.

The discovery of superconductivity in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) marked a milestone in moiré physics, initiating a rapidly growing field. The resulting phase diagrams of other high-Tc superconductors, MATBG, serve as a platform for exploring highly tunable strongly correlated states. At a twist angle of approximately 1.1°, the "magic angle,” MATBG shows significant band flattening near the Dirac points, reducing the Fermi velocity and making the kinetic energy smaller than the repulsive Coulomb interactions. This results in superconductivity and various emergent phases dominated by many-body physics, including correlated insulators, orbital magnetism, nematic orders, and topological states.

Moiré materials with large superlattice unit cells facilitate the exploration of strongly correlated phenomena at low charge carrier densities. Local back-gate electrodes enable capacitive tuning between strongly correlated states in-situ, a unique feature not available in other high-Tc superconductors. Advances in scanning probe techniques have allowed researchers to determine local properties at the sub-nanometer scale. Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is particularly suited for exploring MATBG because it can measure scattering and photovoltage signals at the nanometer scale while simultaneously probing mesoscopic electron transport. 

Utilizing a groundbreaking cryo-near-field nanoscopy method, we will conduct s-SNOM measurements at cryogenic temperatures (as low as 8 K) to assess the optical and photovoltage near-field responses. This approach employs energies in the mid-infrared (MIR) and terahertz (THz) ranges, which align with the anticipated optical transition energies in the band structures of these materials.

The primary objectives of this thesis are to ascertain the pertinent optical and thermoelectric coefficients in twisted moiré materials, evaluate the impact of inhomogeneities through gate-tuned near-field photovoltage and optical measurements, visualize correlated phenomena and broken symmetry states, and comprehend the nature of dephased signals in various measurements. This dissertation seeks to highlight crucial advancements in quantum phases, quantum nano-optoelectronics, and thermoelectricity, while supporting interest in unresolved questions, such as the characteristics of low-temperature correlated states. Additionally, it outlines future objectives for near- and far-field photovoltage experiments.

Friday May 30, 12:00 h. ICFO Auditorium

Thesis Directors: Prof. Dr. Frank Koppens and Dr. Petr Stepanov